"Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa".
BLASTOPORE BECOMES MOUTH SERIES
Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 276, 4261–4270. Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods. ^ Hejnol, A., Obst, M., Stamatakis, A., Ott, M., Rouse, G.^ a b ENDODERMAL DERIVATIVES, FORMATION OF THE GUT AND ITS SUBSEQUENT ROTATION, Gershon, M."Deuterostomic Development in the Protostome Priapulus caudatus". ^ Amphistomy - Contributions to Zoology.Animal Evolution - Genomes, Fossils, and Trees. "The mouth, the anus, and the blastopore - open questions about questionable openings". "Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus". Scientists are currently looking into this matter to generate a more complete picture. The genetic mechanisms responsible for anus formation are quite variable, which might suggest that the anus evolved several times in different groups. Įxactly how a through gut formed from this blind gut is somewhat harder to tell. This suggests that the last common ancestor of bilaterians had a similar gut configuration, and that the anus evolved after the mouth. The story is a little more complex, because the blastopore itself does not directly give rise to the mouth of these worms. This is consistent with living Xenacoelomorpha, which are the sister taxon to protostomes and deuterostomes. This matches with the "flaps-folding-over" model of gut formation, but an alternative view is that the original blastopore migrated forwards to one end of the ancestral organism before deepening to become a blind gut. There have been suggestions that the blastopore started out as the digestive surface on a radial organism that became elongated (and thus bilaterally symmetrical) before its sides closed over to leave a mouth at the front and an anus at the rear. Evolutionary origin Bilateriaīilaterians likely evolved from an ancestor that was radially symmetrical. In humans the perforation of the mouth and anus happen at 4 weeks and 8 weeks respectively. An alternative way to develop two openings from the blastopore during gastrulation, called amphistomy, appears to exist in some animals, such as nematodes.
The genes employed in the embryonic construction of the flatworm mouth are the same as those expressed for the protostome and deuterostome mouth, which suggests that the structures are equivalent homologous, and that the older ideas about protostome mouth formation were correct. Acoelomorpha, which form a sister group to the rest of the bilaterian animals, have a single mouth that leads into a blind gut (with no anus). More recent research has shown that our understanding of protostome mouth formation is somewhat less secure than we had thought. It was originally thought that the blastopore of the protostomes formed the mouth, and the anus was formed second when the gut tunneled through the embryo. In deuterostomes, the original dent becomes the anus, while the gut eventually tunnels through the embryo until it reaches the other side, forming an opening that becomes the mouth. This dent, the blastopore, deepens to become the archenteron, the first phase in the growth of the gut. In animals at least as complex as an earthworm, a dent forms in one side of the early, spheroidal embryo. The embryological origin of the mouth and anus is an important characteristic, and forms the morphological basis for separating bilaterian animals into two natural groupings: the protostomes and deuterostomes.
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